{
  "study": {
    "slug": "house-price-to-income-ratio-in-the-eu",
    "title": "Portugal's Homes Are Harder to Afford Than Usual by the EU's Widest Margin",
    "url": "https://www.silverdatalab.com/studies/house-price-to-income-ratio-in-the-eu"
  },
  "table": 1,
  "language": "en",
  "caption": "House price-to-income ratio against long-term average, 2024",
  "valueHeading": "index, own long-term average = 100",
  "selection": "Three highest and three lowest EU Member States, with the EU aggregate for reference.",
  "decimals": 1,
  "referenceLabel": "EU average",
  "note": "Each country is measured against its own history, not against the others: the benchmark is the average of the same ratio from 2000, or from the first year its series reaches. A value of 100 means housing costs the same share of income as it has averaged in that country over that period.",
  "derived": [
    "gap_to_reference"
  ],
  "flags": "source_flag carries the publisher's own status letters on the cell: p provisional, e estimated, b break in time series, d definition differs, u low reliability, i imputed",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "dataset": "Standardised house price-to-income ratio",
    "code": "tipsho60",
    "filters": {
      "freq": "A",
      "unit": "PTIR_LT_AVG"
    },
    "extractedOn": "2026-10-09",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-04-16",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2908/tipsho60",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tipsho60/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  "licence": {
    "analysis": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "statistics": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright"
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Portugal",
      "value": 122.9,
      "gap_to_reference": 24,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Luxembourg",
      "value": 118.6,
      "gap_to_reference": 19.7,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "Austria",
      "value": 115.2,
      "gap_to_reference": 16.3,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": null,
      "name": "European Union",
      "value": 98.9,
      "gap_to_reference": null,
      "reference": true,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Finland",
      "value": 79.7,
      "gap_to_reference": -19.2,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "Bulgaria",
      "value": 67.8,
      "gap_to_reference": -31.1,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": "dp"
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Romania",
      "value": 48.2,
      "gap_to_reference": -50.7,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    }
  ]
}