{
  "study": {
    "slug": "pension-spending-in-the-eu",
    "title": "Italy Spends a Larger Share of GDP on Pensions Than Any Other EU Country",
    "url": "https://www.silverdatalab.com/studies/pension-spending-in-the-eu"
  },
  "table": 2,
  "language": "en",
  "caption": "Change in expenditure on pensions, 2013 to 2024",
  "valueHeading": "percentage points of GDP, 2024 minus 2013",
  "selection": "Four largest rises and four largest falls among the 27 EU Member States, with the change in the EU aggregate for reference.",
  "decimals": 2,
  "referenceLabel": "EU figure",
  "note": "Derived by Silver Data Lab: each country's published share for 2024 minus its published share for 2013. The EU value for 2013 is a Eurostat estimate and the one for 2024 is provisional. Hungary, not shown, has a break in its series in 2015.",
  "derived": [
    "gap_to_reference"
  ],
  "flags": "source_flag carries the publisher's own status letters on the cell: p provisional, e estimated, b break in time series, d definition differs, u low reliability, i imputed",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "dataset": "Expenditure on pensions as percentage of GDP",
    "code": "tps00103",
    "filters": {
      "freq": "A",
      "unit": "PC_GDP",
      "spdepm": "TOTAL",
      "spdepb": "TOTAL"
    },
    "extractedOn": "2026-10-08",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-10-07",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2908/tps00103",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00103/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  "licence": {
    "analysis": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "statistics": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright"
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Finland",
      "value": 1.46,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.99,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Luxembourg",
      "value": 1.24,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.77,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "Belgium",
      "value": 1.22,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.75,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Estonia",
      "value": 1.21,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.74,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": null,
      "name": "European Union",
      "value": -0.53,
      "gap_to_reference": null,
      "reference": true,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "Portugal",
      "value": -2.64,
      "gap_to_reference": -2.11,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Greece",
      "value": -2.83,
      "gap_to_reference": -2.3,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 7,
      "name": "Malta",
      "value": -3.2,
      "gap_to_reference": -2.67,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "name": "Ireland",
      "value": -3.89,
      "gap_to_reference": -3.36,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    }
  ]
}