{
  "study": {
    "slug": "pension-spending-in-the-eu",
    "title": "Italy Spends a Larger Share of GDP on Pensions Than Any Other EU Country",
    "url": "https://www.silverdatalab.com/es/estudios/gasto-en-pensiones-en-la-ue"
  },
  "table": 2,
  "language": "es",
  "caption": "Variación del gasto en pensiones, de 2013 a 2024",
  "valueHeading": "puntos porcentuales del PIB, 2024 menos 2013",
  "selection": "Las cuatro mayores subidas y las cuatro mayores bajadas de los 27 Estados miembros de la UE, con la variación del agregado de la UE como referencia.",
  "decimals": 2,
  "referenceLabel": "Cifra de la UE",
  "note": "Derivado por Silver Data Lab: la proporción publicada de cada país en 2024 menos su proporción publicada en 2013. El valor de la UE de 2013 es una estimación de Eurostat y el de 2024 es provisional. Hungría, que no se muestra, tiene una ruptura de serie en 2015.",
  "derived": [
    "gap_to_reference"
  ],
  "flags": "source_flag carries the publisher's own status letters on the cell: p provisional, e estimated, b break in time series, d definition differs, u low reliability, i imputed",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "dataset": "Expenditure on pensions as percentage of GDP",
    "code": "tps00103",
    "filters": {
      "freq": "A",
      "unit": "PC_GDP",
      "spdepm": "TOTAL",
      "spdepb": "TOTAL"
    },
    "extractedOn": "2026-10-08",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-10-07",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2908/tps00103",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00103/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  "licence": {
    "analysis": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "statistics": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright"
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Finlandia",
      "value": 1.46,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.99,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Luxemburgo",
      "value": 1.24,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.77,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "Bélgica",
      "value": 1.22,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.75,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Estonia",
      "value": 1.21,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.74,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": null,
      "name": "Unión Europea",
      "value": -0.53,
      "gap_to_reference": null,
      "reference": true,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "Portugal",
      "value": -2.64,
      "gap_to_reference": -2.11,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Grecia",
      "value": -2.83,
      "gap_to_reference": -2.3,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 7,
      "name": "Malta",
      "value": -3.2,
      "gap_to_reference": -2.67,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "name": "Irlanda",
      "value": -3.89,
      "gap_to_reference": -3.36,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    }
  ]
}