{
  "study": {
    "slug": "population-change-in-the-eu",
    "title": "Deaths Outnumber Births in Twenty-One EU Countries",
    "url": "https://www.silverdatalab.com/studies/population-change-in-the-eu"
  },
  "table": 2,
  "language": "en",
  "caption": "Net migration rate, 2025",
  "valueHeading": "Per 1,000 inhabitants",
  "selection": "Three highest and three lowest of the 27 EU Member States, with the EU aggregate for reference.",
  "decimals": 1,
  "referenceLabel": "EU average",
  "note": "This rate is obtained as a residual — total population change minus natural change — and therefore includes statistical adjustments as well as migration.",
  "derived": [
    "gap_to_reference"
  ],
  "flags": "source_flag carries the publisher's own status letters on the cell: p provisional, e estimated, b break in time series, d definition differs, u low reliability, i imputed",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "dataset": "Population change — demographic balance and crude rates at national level",
    "code": "demo_gind",
    "filters": {
      "freq": "A",
      "indic_de": "GBIRTHRT, GDEATHRT, CNMIGRATRT, GROW",
      "time": "2025"
    },
    "extractedOn": "2026-10-01",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-09-30",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2908/demo_gind",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  "licence": {
    "analysis": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "statistics": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright"
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Malta",
      "value": 23.9,
      "gap_to_reference": 19.3,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Spain",
      "value": 11.8,
      "gap_to_reference": 7.2,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": "p"
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "Cyprus",
      "value": 11.3,
      "gap_to_reference": 6.7,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": "p"
    },
    {
      "rank": null,
      "name": "European Union",
      "value": 4.6,
      "gap_to_reference": null,
      "reference": true,
      "source_flag": "ep"
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Poland",
      "value": 0.1,
      "gap_to_reference": -4.5,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "Latvia",
      "value": -0.7,
      "gap_to_reference": -5.3,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Estonia",
      "value": -2.1,
      "gap_to_reference": -6.7,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    }
  ]
}