{
  "study": {
    "slug": "research-and-development-spending-in-the-eu",
    "title": "Sweden Spends More on Research Than Romania Mainly Because Its Companies Do",
    "url": "https://www.silverdatalab.com/studies/research-and-development-spending-in-the-eu"
  },
  "table": 2,
  "language": "en",
  "caption": "Research performed by business, 2024",
  "valueHeading": "% of GDP",
  "selection": "The same measure restricted to the business enterprise sector, three highest and three lowest.",
  "decimals": 1,
  "referenceLabel": "EU average",
  "note": "Business research is 1.5 of the EU's 2.3 points, and 2.3 of the 3.1 point gap between Sweden and Romania.",
  "derived": [
    "gap_to_reference"
  ],
  "flags": "source_flag carries the publisher's own status letters on the cell: p provisional, e estimated, b break in time series, d definition differs, u low reliability, i imputed",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "dataset": "GERD by sector of performance",
    "code": "rd_e_gerdtot",
    "filters": {
      "freq": "A",
      "sectperf": "TOTAL, BES",
      "unit": "PC_GDP",
      "time": "2024"
    },
    "extractedOn": "2026-09-30",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-09-29",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2908/rd_e_gerdtot",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/rd_e_gerdtot/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  "licence": {
    "analysis": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "statistics": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright"
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Sweden",
      "value": 2.6,
      "gap_to_reference": 1.1,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Belgium",
      "value": 2.4,
      "gap_to_reference": 0.9,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": "e"
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "Austria",
      "value": 2.3,
      "gap_to_reference": 0.8,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": "e"
    },
    {
      "rank": null,
      "name": "European Union",
      "value": 1.5,
      "gap_to_reference": null,
      "reference": true,
      "source_flag": "e"
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Latvia",
      "value": 0.4,
      "gap_to_reference": -1.1,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "Cyprus",
      "value": 0.3,
      "gap_to_reference": -1.2,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Romania",
      "value": 0.3,
      "gap_to_reference": -1.2,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    }
  ]
}