{
  "study": {
    "slug": "trade-openness-in-the-eu",
    "title": "The EU's Four Biggest Economies Export Less Than Most Others for Their Size",
    "url": "https://www.silverdatalab.com/studies/trade-openness-in-the-eu"
  },
  "table": 1,
  "language": "en",
  "caption": "Exports of goods and services, 2025",
  "valueHeading": "% of GDP",
  "selection": "Three highest and three lowest EU Member States, with the EU total for reference.",
  "decimals": 1,
  "referenceLabel": "EU total",
  "note": "The EU row is the sum of the 27 national figures and therefore counts trade between Member States as exports. It is not the Union's trade with the rest of the world.",
  "derived": [
    "gap_to_reference"
  ],
  "flags": "source_flag carries the publisher's own status letters on the cell: p provisional, e estimated, b break in time series, d definition differs, u low reliability, i imputed",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Eurostat",
    "dataset": "GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income)",
    "code": "nama_10_gdp",
    "filters": {
      "freq": "A",
      "na_item": "P6, B1GQ",
      "unit": "CP_MEUR",
      "time": "2025"
    },
    "extractedOn": "2026-10-23",
    "lastUpdated": "2026-10-22",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2908/nama_10_gdp",
    "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_gdp/default/table?lang=en"
  },
  "licence": {
    "analysis": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "statistics": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright"
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Luxembourg",
      "value": 202.7,
      "gap_to_reference": 153.1,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Ireland",
      "value": 146.9,
      "gap_to_reference": 97.3,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "Malta",
      "value": 130.3,
      "gap_to_reference": 80.7,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": null,
      "name": "European Union",
      "value": 49.6,
      "gap_to_reference": null,
      "reference": true,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Romania",
      "value": 35.2,
      "gap_to_reference": -14.4,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "France",
      "value": 33.7,
      "gap_to_reference": -15.9,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Italy",
      "value": 31.6,
      "gap_to_reference": -18,
      "reference": false,
      "source_flag": null
    }
  ]
}